River of gas could provide part of universe's ‘missing' matter

By Pam Frost Gorder, Research Communications

An Ohio State astronomer and her colleagues have detected a type of hot gas in space that could account for part of the "missing" matter in the universe.

A gas cloud, one trillion times more massive than our sun and more than 150 times hotter, surrounds our local group of galaxies, the astronomers reported in the journal Nature.

Though vast, this gas cloud is only part of larger rivers of gas that wind between all the galaxies of the universe, said Smita Mathur, associate professor of astronomy.

Smita Mathur, associate professor of astronomy, studies dark matter.   By Jo McCulty

Scientists believe that after the Big Bang, only 20 percent of the "normal" material in the early universe -- such as protons and neutrons -- converged to form stars and galaxies as seen in the night sky. The remaining 80 percent of this normal matter, which astronomers refer to as baryons, hasn't been accounted for.

A related mystery concerns dark matter, unseen material that is believed to provide most of the gravity in the universe.

Mathur said that astronomers aren't sure what dark matter is made of, but that baryons can be used as a marker to find it.

"We believe baryons are drawn to the gravity of the dark matter, so they trace the location of dark matter through space," Mathur said. "One provides a map to the other."

Mathur collaborated with lead author Fabrizio Nicastro and his colleagues at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, including Andreas Zezas, Martin Elvis, Cesare Cecchi-Pestellini, Douglas Burke, Jeremy Drake and Piergiorgio Casella; and Fabrizio Fiorre of the Astronomical Observatory of Rome.

Last summer, Mathur and her colleagues announced preliminary evidence of baryonic gas found with NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory. In Nature, they now report definitive evidence of the gas taken with NASA's Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE).

"This gas is so hot that it radiates at energies too high to be seen at visible wavelengths, so we had to look at it in the ultraviolet," Mathur explained. They examined the gas surrounding the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies, part of our local group of galaxies.

The high temperature explains why so many baryons are invisible today. At some point after the Big Bang, the baryons collided and ignited in a "heat shock" that created so much energy as to render the particles invisible.

But the finding doesn't answer questions about the composition of dark matter. Some scientists have hypothesized that dark matter is made up of dim stars and large gas planets similar to our Jupiter; others believe it is made of tiny but massive particles.

"Either is still a possibility," Mathur said.

She and her collaborators would hope to probe the gas again with Chandra, to perform the same kind of in-depth analysis they did with FUSE.

This research was partly supported by NASA-Chandra grants and a NASA-Chandra X-ray Center contract.

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Cancer drug extra boost in shrinking tumors

New research suggests that combining the chemotherapy drug paclitaxel with very low doses of the HIV-fighting drug AZT may shrink or even eradicate certain types of cancer tumors. Using both drugs in mice helped inhibit the enzyme telomerase, a component critical to the livelihood of some cancer cells. Telomerase helps to build and maintain telomeres -- protective strands of DNA at each end of a chromosome.

While telomeres are found in any cell that contains genetic material, telomerase is seldom expressed in normal cells. About 90 percent of all human tumor cells express telomerase. Researchers found that the drugs work in tandem: paclitaxel essentially slices off telomeres from chromosomes, while AZT inhibits telomerase from repairing the damaged telomeres. If a cell's chromosomes are not protected, that cell will eventually die.

"AZT provided the boost needed to start shrinking the tumor. Not only did the tumors get smaller in the mice given both drugs, these animals also had higher survival rates compared to the mice in the other three groups," said Jessie L-S Au, the study's lead author and the Dorothy M. Davis chair of cancer research at the College of Medicine and Public Health.

Key to this therapy is attacking telomeres and telomerase at the same time. Attacking telomerase alone is not sufficient because a cell may have pre-existing telomeres, which can keep a cell from growing for several generations -- even after its telomerase supply is cut off.

www.osu.edu/researchnews/archive/canazt.htm